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Ferdinand I of León
Ferdinand I (''c''. 1015 – 24 December〔 1065), called the Great (''el Magno''), was the Count of Castile from his uncle's death in 1029 and the King of León after defeating his brother-in-law in 1037. According to tradition, he was the first to have himself crowned Emperor of Spain (1056), and his heirs carried on the tradition. He was a younger son of Sancho III of Navarre and Mayor of Castile, and by his father's will recognised the supremacy of his eldest brother, García Sánchez III of Navarre. While Ferdinand inaugurated the rule of the Navarrese Jiménez dynasty over western Spain, his rise to preeminence among the Christian rulers of the peninsula shifted the locus of power and culture westward after more than a century of Leonese decline. Nevertheless, "()he internal consolidation of the realm of León–Castilla under Fernando el Magno and (queen ) Sancha (1037–1065) is a history that remains to be researched and written."〔Reilly 1988, 7–8.〕
==Date and order of birth==
There is some disagreement concerning the order of birth of Sancho III's sons, and of Ferdinand's place among them. He was certainly a younger son, and he was probably born later than 1011, when his parents' marriage is first recorded.〔Martínez Díez 2007, 151–53.〕 Most, and the most reliable, charters name Sancho's sons in the order Ramiro, García, Gonzalo, then Ferdinand. Three documents from the Cathedral of Pamplona list them in this way,〔Martínez Díez 2007, 152. They are, by date: 7 April 1014, albeit improperly dated (''Ranimirus, proles regis, confirmat. Garseanus, frater eius, confirmat. Gundisaluus, frater eius, confirmat. Fernandus, germanus eius, confirmat.''); 21 October 1022 (''Garsias et Ranimirus, Gundesalbus et Fernandus, testes.''); and 1033 (''in presencia de filios regis pernominatos Ranimirus, Garseanus, Gundesaluus, Fredinandus''), found in Jaime Goñi Gaztambide, ''Colección diplomática de la catedral de Pamplona (829–1243)'' (Pamplona: 1997), docs. 5, 7, 12.〕 as well as four from the monastery of San Juan de la Peña.〔Martínez Díez 2007, 152. Although all of these one contain anachronisms, they are not entirely worthless. They are: two dated 21 April 1028, one of 1030, and one from 5 April 1031, found in Antonio Ubieto Arteta, ''Cartulario de San Juan de la Peña'', I (Valencia: 1962), docs. 47–48, 51, 56.〕 One charter from Pamplona, dated 29 September 1023, is witnessed by Sancho's mother, Jimena Fernández, his wife Mayor, her children, listed García, Ferdinand then Gonzalo, and their brother, the illegitimate Ramiro.〔Martínez Díez 2007, 152: ''Sunt testes: Eximina regina et mater regis, regina dompna Maiora cum filiis suis dompno Garsia et Fredinando et Gundesalbo et fratre eorum Ranimiro'' in Goñi Gaztambide 1997, doc. 8.〕
In five documents of the monastery of San Salvador de Leire, Ferdinand is listed after Gonzalo.〔Martínez Díez 2007, 152. They are dated 21 October 1022, 26 December 1032, and 1033, found in Ángel J. Martín Duque, ''Documentación medieval de Leire (siglos IX a XII)'' (Pamplona: 1983), docs. 20, 23, 24.〕 Two of these are dated to 17 April 1014. If authentic, they place Ferdinand's birth before that date.〔Martínez Díez 2007, 152. They read: ''Domina Maior regina confirmat. Ranimirus proles regis confirmat. Garseanus frater eius confirmat. Gundisaluss frater eius confirmat. Ferdinandus frater eius confirmat.'', in Martín Duque 1983, docs. 15–16.〕 Three further documents from Leire are among the only ones to place Ferdinand second among the legitimate sons, but they suffer from various anachronisms and interpolations.〔Martínez Díez 2007, 153. Two date to 21 October 1015 and another to 29 September 1023, found in Martín Duque 1983, docs. 17–18, 21.〕 Two preserved diplomas of Santa María la Real de Irache also put Gonzalo ahead of him.〔Martínez Díez 2007, 152–53. They are both dated 1024, one to 17 May, and are found in José María Lacarra, ''Colección diplomática de Irache, I (958–1222)'' (Zaragoza: 1965), docs. 2, 4.〕 On the basis of these documents, Gonzalo Martínez Díez places Ferdinand third of the known legitimate sons of Sancho III (Ramiro being a bastard born before his marriage to Mayor), and his birth no earlier than 1015.〔 The ''Crónica de Alaón renovada'', which Martínez Díez dates to 1154, but which other scholars dismiss as a late medieval concoction, lists García, Ferdinand and Gonzalo as Sancho III's sons by Mayor in that order, but in the same passage mistakenly places Gonzalo's death before his father's.〔Martínez Díez 2007, 84.〕
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